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Nonlinear modulation (Angle Modulation)

When we transmit a signal, whether it is an optical signal, an electrical signal, or a wireless signal, if it is directly transmitted, the signal is easily disturbed by noise, and it is difficult to obtain accurate information at the receiving end. In order to improve the anti-interference abilit... Read More

Binary Digital Modulation

The basic modes of binary digital modulation are: Binary amplitude keying (2ASK)—amplitude change of the carrier signal; Binary frequency shift keying (2FSK)—frequency change of the carrier signal; Binary phase shift keying (2PSK)—phase change of the carrier signal. Differential phase shift keyin... Read More

How The Rogue ONU came into being

The PON system adopts time-division multiplexing technology in the uplink direction, and the ONU sends datagrams to the uplink direction according to the time stamp allocated by the OLT. When an ONU emits light without assigning a time stamp, it will conflict with the emission signals of other on... Read More

Optical module FEC function

With the development of optical communication systems with longer distance, larger capacity, and higher speed, especially when the single wave rate evolves from 40g to 100g or even super 100g, chromatic dispersion, nonlinear effects, polarization mode dispersion, and other transmission effects in... Read More

Error detection code in the Data Link Layer [Explained]

Error detection code (parity check code): parity check code consists of n-1 bit information unit and 1 bit check element. The N-1 bit information unit is the valid data in the information we send, and the 1-bit check unit is used for error detection and redundancy code.   Odd check: if the n... Read More

OSI-Data Link Layer-Error Control [Explained]

Hello, Readers. In this article I’m going to discuss on OSI-Data Link Layer Error Control with explanation. Let’s start… For understanding the transmission of the data link layer let’s take an example, if the A device needs to communicate with the B device, a communication link ... Read More