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The Working Principle of The Switch 

or the OSI reference model, the switch works on the second layer of this model, the data link layer. As shown in the following figure, the switch has eight ports. When a device is plugged into the switch through RJ45, the switch’s master chip will identify the ports plugged into the network... Read More

Introduction to PON Module

A PON module is a kind of optical module. It works on OLT terminal equipment and connects with ONU office equipment. It is an important part of the PON network. PON optical modules can be divided into APON (ATM PON) optical modules, BPON (broadband passive network) optical modules, EPON (Ethernet... Read More

The Principle of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Communication (FHSS)

FHSS, frequency hopping spread spectrum technology, under the condition of synchronization and simultaneity, accepts the signals transmitted by narrow-band carriers of a specific type (this specific form has a specific frequency, etc.) at both ends. For a receiver without a specific type, the hop... Read More

OFDM — 802.11 Protocol Description

OFDM has been proposed in IEEE802.11a. Based on this method of modulation, we need to know what OFDM is to understand the different protocols.  What is OFDM?  OFDM is a special multi-carrier modulation technology. This technology aims to divide a channel into several orthogonal sub-channels, and ... Read More

Theoretical rate calculation of Wi-Fi 6 80211ax

How to calculate the rate of Wi-Fi 6? First, guess from the beginning to the end:  The transmission rate will be affected by the number of spatial streams. The number of bits each subcarrier can transmit is the number of coded bits per subcarrier. The higher the coding rate, the better. How many ... Read More

What is IEEE 802ax: (Wi-Fi 6) – and How it’s work so fast?

First of all, let’s learn about IEEE 802.11ax. In the WiFi alliance, it is called WiFi 6, also known as a high-efficiency wireless local area network. It is a wireless local area network standard. 11ax supports 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, and can be backward compatible with commonly used protoco... Read More